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Anna Pauline "Pauli" Murray (November 20, 1910 – July 1, 1985) was an American civil rights activist, women's rights activist, lawyer, and author. Drawn to the ministry, in 1977 Dr. Murray was the first black woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest and among the first group of women to become priests in this church. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Murray was raised mostly by her maternal grandparents in Durham, North Carolina. At the age of sixteen, she moved to New York to attend Hunter College, graduating with a B.A. in English in 1933. In 1940, Murray sat in the whites-only section of a Virginia bus with a friend, and they were arrested for violating state segregation laws. This incident, and her subsequent involvement with the socialist Workers' Defense League, led to a career goal as a civil rights lawyer. She enrolled in the law school of Howard University, where she also became aware of sexism. She called it "Jane Crow", alluding to the Jim Crow racial segregation laws. Murray graduated first in their class, but was denied the chance to do post-graduate work at Harvard University because of her gender. She earned a master's in law at University of California-Berkeley, and in 1965 she became the first African American to receive a J.S.D. from Yale Law School. As a lawyer, Murray argued for civil rights and women's rights. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Chief Counsel Thurgood Marshall called Murray's 1950 book ''States' Laws on Race and Color'' the "bible" of the civil rights movement.〔 Murray served on the 1961 Presidential Commission on the Status of Women and in 1966 was a co-founder of the National Organization for Women. Ruth Bader Ginsburg later named Murray a coauthor on a brief for ''Reed v. Reed'' in recognition of her pioneering work on gender discrimination.〔 Murray held faculty or administrative positions at the Ghana School of Law, Benedict College, and Brandeis University. In 1973, Murray left academia for the Episcopal Church, becoming an ordained priest in 1977, among the first generation of women priests. The church honored her as an Episcopal saint in 2012, among its recognized ''Holy Women and Holy Men.'' Murray struggled in her adult life with issues related to her sexual and gender identity, describing herself as having an "inverted sex instinct." She had a brief, annulled marriage to a man and several deep relationships with women. In her younger years, she occasionally passed as a teenage boy. In addition to her legal and advocacy work, Murray published two well-reviewed autobiographies and a volume of poetry. == Early life == Murray was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1910. Both sides of her family were of mixed racial origins, with ancestors including black slaves, white slave owners, Native Americans, Irish, and free blacks. The varied features and complexions of her family were described as a "United Nations in miniature". Murray's parents—schoolteacher William H. Murray and Agnes (Fitzgerald) Murray—both identified as black. In 1914, Agnes died of a cerebral hemorrhage. After her father began to have emotional problems as a result of typhoid fever, Murray was sent to Durham, North Carolina, to live with her mother's family. She was strongly influenced by her maternal aunt, Pauline Fitzgerald Dame, and grandparents Robert and Cornelia (Smith) Fitzgerald, who raised her.〔 She attended St. Titus Episcopal Church with her mother's family, where her mother had also attended before Murray was born.〔("The Rev. Dr. Pauli Murray and the Episcopal Church" ), The Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina website, 2015〕 In 1923, her father, who had been committed to Crownsville State Hospital, died as a result of being beaten by a guard.〔 Murray lived in Durham until the age of sixteen, at which point she moved to New York to finish high school and prepare for college. There she lived with the family of her cousin Maude; they were passing for white in their white neighborhood. Murray's presence discomfited Maude's neighbors, however, as Murray was more visibly of partial African descent. Murray was briefly married during this time, to a man she referred in her autobiography only as "Billy". She had the marriage annulled several months after it began. Inspired to attend Columbia University by a favorite teacher, Murray was turned away because the university did not admit women; she did not have the funds to attend its partner women's school of Barnard College. Instead she attended Hunter College, a free city university, where she was one of the few students of color. Murray was encouraged in her writing by one of her English instructors, who gave her an "A" for an essay about her maternal grandfather; this became the basis of her later memoir ''Proud Shoes'' (1956) about her mother's family. Murray published an article and several poems in the college paper. She graduated in 1933 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English.〔 Murray took a job selling subscriptions to ''Opportunity'', the magazine of the National Urban League, a civil rights organization based in New York City. Poor health forced her to resign, and her doctor recommended that Murray seek a healthier environment. She took a position at Camp Tera, a "she-she-she" conservation camp established at the urging of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to parallel the male Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps formed under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal to provide employment to young adults while improving infrastructure. Murray pushed at boundaries, clashing with the camp's director because of holding Communist literature, refusing to stand at attention for an inspection by the First Lady, and having a relationship with Peg Holmes, a white counselor. Murray and Holmes left the camp in February 1935, and began traveling the country by walking, hitchhiking, and hopping freight trains. Murray later worked for the Young Women's Christian Association.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pauli Murray」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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